Volume 12, Issue 10
May 28, 2004
Volume 12, Issue 10
May 28, 2004
Vegetables
Pea Harvest
Progress – Ed
Kee, Extension Vegetable Crops Specialist; kee@udel.edu
Pea Harvest began 10-14 days ago and yields in most
cases have been good, ranging in the 3-4,500 pound per acre range. A few fields experienced heavy, packing rains
soon after planting and the resulting compaction and uneven stand took their
toll on yields.
In some cases, warm weather coupled with dry soil
conditions accelerated maturity, causing some acreage to be by-passed. However, this year’s pea yields and harvest
progress are very good.
Pickling Cucumber
Plantings – Ed
Kee, Extension Vegetable Crops Specialist; kee@udel.edu
Pickle planting is in full-swing, with many growers
having 6-7 plantings in the ground.
Emergence and weed control looks good to date. We will be planting our variety trials in
June at Fifer Orchards near Camden-Wyoming, and in July at Richard Carlisle’s
Pine Breeze Farms, in
In the May 7 issue of Weekly Crop Update, the use
of Sandea as a post-emergence weed control material was discussed. Briefly, it is labeled at 0.5-0.66 ounces per
acre and will control red-root pigweed, nutsedge, along with other problem
weeds.
Lima Bean
Fertilizer Programs – Ed
Kee, Extension Vegetable Crops Specialist; kee@udel.edu
Lima bean planting has just begun. Our recommendation for single-crop lima beans
calls for 60-80 pounds of Nitrogen per acre.
This can be applied broadcast, or split into applications broadcast,
at-planting, and sidedressed; or some combination of the three. Research data and commercial experience has
not consistently demonstrated a clear advantage of one timing or another.
The recommendation for nitrogen for lima beans
planted after peas is 0-20 pounds of nitrogen per acre. Of course, there is significant residual
nitrogen from the peas that allows this reduction.
Phosphorus and Potassium should be applied
according to soil test recommendations.
However, if the soil is testing high or excessive, no phosphorus is
required, especially after peas, and potassium at 50-75 pounds per acre is appropriate.
Vegetable Crop Insects -
Cucumbers.
All fields should be
scouted for cucumber beetles and aphids. Fresh market cucumbers are susceptible
to bacterial wilt, so treatments should be applied before beetles feed
extensively on cotyledons and first true leaves. Pickling cucumbers have more
tolerance to wilt, but a treatment may be needed if you find 2 or more beetles
per plant and significant damage can be found on the cotyledons. A treatment
should be applied for aphids if 10 to 20 percent of the plants are infested
with aphids with 5 or more aphids per leaf.
Actara, Fulfill, Thiodan
or Lannate will provide aphid control. Be sure to
watch for bees foraging in the area and avoid insecticide applications on
blooming crops.
Melons.
Continue to scout all melons for
aphids, cucumber beetles, and spider mites. The threshold for mites is 20-30%
infested crowns with 1-2 mites per leaf. Acramite , Capture, Danitol, Agri-Mek or Kelthane will provide control, but should be rotated to
avoid the development of resistance. The treatment threshold for aphids is 20%
infested plants with at least 5 aphids per leaf. Actara, Fulfill, Lannate and Thiodan are labeled on
melons and will provide melon aphid control.
Continue to watch
fields carefully for cucumber beetles. Be sure to look under the plastic where
beetles can often hide until disturbed. We have found a number of fields with
high levels and beetles can be found in most fields.
Peppers.
Fields should be sampled
for thrips and corn borers. Although corn is growing rapidly and should
be more attractive to corn borer moths, you should still watch for corn borer
egg masses in isolated fields ( i.e. not near corn fields). You should also
check local moth catches in your area http://www.udel.edu/IPM/traps/latestblt.html. A treatment
with a pyrethroid may be needed if corn borer moth
catches exceed 10 moths per night, especially if there is no corn in the area
or you are using rye strips as windbreaks. In general, 2 applications
will be needed to achieve effective control.
Thrips can cause damage in peppers by
vectoring tomato spotted wilt virus and by causing direct plant damage.
Although there are no available thresholds, a treatment may be needed if you
see populations increasing. Baythroid, Capture, Spintor and Warrior will provide thrips
control.
Potatoes.
Colorado potato beetle
(CPB) adults, egg masses and the small to medium size larvae can be
found in fields where an at-planting CPB material was not used. A
treatment should not be needed for adults until you find 25 beetles per 50
plants and defoliation has reached the 10% level. Once larvae are detected, the
threshold is 4 small larvae per plant or 1.5 large larvae per plant.
Avaunt + PBO, Actara, cryolite,
Spintor or Provado will
provide control. Corn borer catches have increased in some areas and sprays
will now be needed 3-5 days after an increase in trap catches. Be sure to check
our website (http://www.udel.edu/IPM/traps/latestblt.html) for the most recent moth catches in your area.
Avaunt, Ambush, Baythroid, Furadan,
Penncap, Pounce or Spintor
will provide control. If you are scouting for infested terminals, the first
treatment should be applied when 20-25% of the terminals are infested. Furadan or Monitor will provide the best control if you are
waiting until you see infested terminals. We are also finding economic
levels of potato leafhopper adults in the earliest planted fields. As a general
guideline, controls should be applied if you find ½ to one adult per sweep
and/or one nymph per every 10 leaves. Dimethoate, a pyrethroid, Actara or Provado will provide
control.
Snap Beans.
All fields should be
scouted for leafhopper and thrips activity,
especially seedling stage beans. The thrips threshold
is 5-6 per leaflet and the leafhopper threshold is 5 per sweep. If both insects
are present, the threshold for each should be reduced by 1/3. Dimethoate, Lannate, Asana,
Capture, or Warrior will provide control of both insect pests.
Sweet
Corn.
Flea beetles and
cutworms are still active in seedling stage sweet corn. The treatment threshold
for flea beetles is 5% infested plants. The cutworm threshold is 3% cut plants
or 10% leaf feeding. Continue to sample any corn in the whorl stage to
pretassel stage for European corn borer larvae. A treatment should be
applied if 15% of the plants are infested. In recent years, Avaunt (whorl stage
only), Baythroid, Mustang, Penncap,
Spintor or Warrior has provided effective control. If
economic levels of corn borers are present in pretassel to tassel stage corn,
two sprays spaced 3-4 days apart are often needed. In addition, we have started
to find the first corn earworm moths. The first silk sprays will be needed as
soon as ear shanks are visible. Treatment will be needed on a 5-day schedule in
Vegetable Diseases –
Fusarium wilt in watermelon has been detected in
several fields on Delmarva this spring.
Symptoms in new transplants are stunted growth, necrotic leaves,
wilting, and a distinct vascular discoloration.
Infected fields may appear to recover; however symptoms often reappear
later in the season when the vines produce runners. Wilting then becomes more severe as fruit
increase in size and plants appear water-stressed even under conditions when
soil moisture is adequate. Wilt occurs
on crown leaves first, then on runners and eventually on the whole plant. Infected stems may have a red, brown or black
gummy exudate and the vascular system of the plant is discolored.
Management of Fusarium wilt has been accomplished
in the past through long rotation (5 to 6 years), planting resistant cultivars,
and fumigation. However, fumigation may
fail to control the disease because Fusarium can quickly reinvade fumigated
ground. A new aggressive form of the
pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp niveum, race 2) has been
detected in
|
|
|
Wilt (%) |
Marketable fruit yield |
|
|
Cultivar |
Source |
No./A |
t /A |
|
|
Millionaire |
Seedway........................................ |
97 a * |
293 ab |
1.6 ab |
|
Triple Star |
Seedway........................................ |
93 a |
440 ab |
2.0 ab |
|
Genesis |
Seedway........................................ |
93 a |
0 a |
0.0 a |
|
Seedway 4502 |
Seedway........................................ |
87 a |
733 ab |
4.3 ab |
|
Sugarheart |
Siegers........................................... |
80 a |
880 b |
4.7 b |
|
Millennium |
Seedway........................................ |
53 b |
293 ab |
1.5 ab |
|
Seedless Sangria |
Siegers........................................... |
7 c |
1467 c |
9.7 c |
*Mean values in each column followed by the same letter
are not significantly different at P
= 0.05 according to Fisher’s protected least significant difference test.
The weather-based forecasting program MELCAST has
begun for 2004. MELCAST was developed at
To use MELCAST for watermelons, apply the first
fungicide spray when the watermelon vines meet within the row. Additional sprays should be applied using
MELCAST. Accumulate EFI (environmental
favorability index) values beginning the day after your first fungicide
spray. Apply a fungicide spray when 30 EFI values have accumulated at the
weather location nearest your field. Add
2 points for each overhead irrigation that is applied to the field. After a fungicide spray, reset your counter
to 0 and start over. If a spray has not
been applied in 14 days, apply a fungicide, reset the counter to 0 and start
over.
In addition to MELCAST for Watermelon, we have two
models that are designed to help you make decisions on when to spray for
diseases. MELCAST for Cantaloupes is a
fungicide application program for Alternaria leaf blight. It can be used by anyone growing a powdery
mildew resistant variety such as Athena.
To use MELCAST for Cantaloupe, apply the first fungicide spray when the
cantaloupe vines meet within the row.
Additional sprays should be applied using MELCAST. Accumulate EFI (environmental favorability
index) values beginning the day after your first fungicide spray. Add 2 points for each overhead irrigation
that is applied to the field. Apply a
fungicide spray when 20 EFI values
have accumulated at the weather location nearest your field. After a fungicide spray, reset your counter
to 0 and start over. If a spray has not
been applied in 14 days, apply a fungicide and reset the counter to 0 and start
over.
TOMCAST is a spray forecaster for leaf blights and
fruit diseases of processing tomato.
However, it does not work for bacterial diseases. In fields that are not
rotated away from tomatoes and in late-planted fields, begin sprays shortly
after transplanting. In all other areas
begin sprays when crown fruit are one-third their final size. Additional sprays can be scheduled using
TOMCAST. Sprays should be applied after
accumulating 18 DSV’s (disease severity values) since the last fungicide
application. Scout fields for late
blight. If late blight occurs additional
sprays are warranted (see Delaware Extension Bulletin 137). Note:
We provide TOMCAST data at the request of interested growers.
However, we have not tested the model in our area and don’t have the resources
to adequately support it. Please use it
on small acreage to become comfortable with it.
The three disease models are available at http://www.agnr.umd.edu/users/vegdisease/vegdisease.htm. In addition you can receive the models by
e-mail or fax. To sign up, please call
Vegetable Crops Diseases -
Potatoes.
Late Blight Advisory.
We
are using the E-WEATHER SERVICE from SkyBit, Inc. as we have in the past. The service determines specific requested weather
parameters (temperature, relative humidity and rainfall) at Joe Jackewicz’s
farm based on calculations of data from the nearest National Weather Service
stations. This weather data is used in
the WISDOM software program for predicting late blight and making spray
recommendations.
Disease
Severity Value (DSV) Accumulation as of
|
Date |
Daily DSV |
Total DSV |
Spray Recommendation |
|
4/25-
5/2 |
4 |
4 |
none |
|
5/3 |
8 |
12 |
none |
|
5/9 |
2 |
14 |
none |
|
5/13 |
1 |
15 |
none |
|
5/17 |
2 |
17 |
none |
|
5/18 |
1 |
18 |
none |
|
5/19 |
4 |
22 |
7-day |
|
5/20 |
2 |
24 |
7-day |
|
5/21 |
2 |
26 |
7-day |
|
5/25 |
2 |
28 |
5-day |
Remember that these values are for potatoes that
would have about 50% emergence and made a row that you can see on or before
April 25th . Any fields that emerged after May 3 have accumulated 16
DSV’s so far and will probably reach 18 DSV’s soon.
Growers who do not want to rely only on the DSV
calculations for scheduling fungicide applications should apply mancozeb
(Dithane, Pencozeb, Manex II) or Bravo before plants canopy down the row and
repeat on a 7-day schedule. Late blight has not been a problem here in
Field Crop Insects -
Alfalfa.
Be sure to check all fields for
leafhoppers within one week of cutting.
You should also sample all spring planted fields since they are
extremely
susceptible to damage.
Once the damage is found, yield loss has already occurred. We are starting to
find the first nymphs which often cause damage very quickly. The treatment
thresholds are 20 per 100 sweeps on alfalfa 3 inches or less in height, 50 per
100 sweeps in 4-6 inch tall alfalfa and 100 per 100 sweeps in 7-11 inch tall
alfalfa. Baythroid, dimethoate,
Mustang or Warrior will provide effective control.
Field Corn.
Continue to scout corn up to V-5
stage for cutworms. With the dry weather, we continue to find cut plants and
larvae feeding below the ground level.
Under these conditions, a rescue treatment will be most effective if
applications are made late in the day, you use 30 gallons of water per acre and
materials are directed to the base of plants.
A pyrethroid or Lorsban will provide control. If large worms are
present, you will need to use the higher labeled rates.
Continue to scout for
true armyworms feeding in the whorls of no-till corn. Be sure to carefully
sample no-till fields where a grass cover or volunteer small grains were burned
down at planting. The treatment threshold for armyworms in corn is 25% infested
plants with larvae less than one-inch long.
We are also seeing cereal leaf beetle adults feeding in whorl stage
plants. No controls will be needed until
you find 10 beetles per plant and 50% of the plants exhibit damage. The first
small European corn borer larvae can be found in the earliest planted non-Bt
fields. The treatment thresholds are 50% infested plants for irrigated corn and
80% infested for dry-land corn. Since corn is growing quickly, the best time
for control will be just at tassel emergence as long as larvae have not bored
into the midribs of leaves.
Small Grains.
Continue to scout all fields for
grass sawfly and armyworms. Although sawfly populations have been generally
low, we have started to find head clipping by sawfly larvae. Once you find
twice the number of clipped heads compared to sawfly larvae, the damage is
generally already done. We continue to see an increase in armyworm activity in
both wheat and barley. Remember, armyworms will clip heads quicker in barley so
the threshold is lower than for wheat.
In both wheat and
barley, the treatment threshold for sawflies is 2 per 5 foot of row innerspace or 0.4 per foot of row. The armyworm threshold
is one per foot of row in barley and two per foot of row in wheat. If multiple
pests are present in barley, your only control option is Lannate.
In wheat, your options include Lannate, Mustang, or Warrior.
Soybeans.
Grasshopper and bean leaf beetle
feeding can be found in seedling stage soybean fields. A treatment for bean
leaf beetle will be needed from plant emergence to the second trifoliate when
you find 2 beetles per ft. row and a 25% stand reduction. A pyrethroid,
dimethoate or Lorsban will
provide control. The treatment threshold for grasshoppers is 1 per sweep and
30% defoliation. Asana, Furadan, Lorsban,
or Warrior will provide grasshopper control.
Field Crops Diseases -
Wheat.
The crop continues to look very good. However, a
small amount of head blight or scab is beginning to appear in areas that had
rain during flowering. The crop is still remarkably free of foliar diseases
this season. As mentioned last week, some powdery mildew is appearing on
susceptible varieties that were not sprayed.
Corn.
There have been a few isolated emergence problems that could be due to soilborne fungal problems. Post emergence damping-off of field corn by Pythium was reported by another lab. I have seen some problems in sweet corn emergence that appears to be caused by Fusarium. Nothing can be done at this point unfortunately except replant if the stand loss is serious enough to warrant replanting.
Grain Marketing Highlights - Carl German, Extension Crops Marketing Specialist; clgerman@udel.edu
The Chaos Theory Impacting Soybeans.
The chaos theory is a critical point
influenced by instability, as is being seen in the soybean charts at this
juncture. Bullish supply and demand factors doubled the price of soybean
futures from the July 2003 contract close ($5.32) to the high price posted in
April 2004 ($10.64). In early May, rumors surfaced concerning
That year, an unexpected rain system
developed in the
On another front, heavy rains in the
The first vessel of South American soybean
meal has arrived in
Market Strategy.
New crop soybeans have dropped 23 cents per
bushel in the time that it has taken to write this statement. Major liquidation
has taken place in the soybean pits and that appears to be continuing to occur.
Nevertheless, liquidation is likely to soon be completed and traders will begin
to assess the anticipated impact of planting delays for the '04
No-Till Soybean Fields
Not Treated Yet - Mark
VanGessel, Extension Weed Specialist; mjv@udel.edu
Horseweed control was the most common question I
had this year. There are a number of
fields with horseweed well over 12 inches tall and have not been treated
yet. No-till
soybean fields that have not been treated yet pose a difficult situation. 2,4-D at 1 pt/A will have very little effect
on the tall horseweed plants, however it can be very helpful for primrose
control. ALS-inhibiting herbicides such
as Amplify or FirstRate are not particularly good on these tall plants. Canopy or Canopy XL will be the best options
because the high rates of Classic (a component in each of these
herbicides). However,
this is not a sound choice to use every year since chlorimuron is an
ALS-inhibiting herbicide and we know horseweed has a tendency to develop
resistance to ALS-inhibiting herbicides.
If Canopy or Canopy XL
do not fit into your herbicide program, two applications of Gramoxone Max will
be needed to control/suppress these large weeds. The final option is resort to tillage to
control the existing plants.
Hot Weather and Volatility
with Dicamba and 2,4-D - Mark
VanGessel, Extension Weed Specialist; mjv@udel.edu
Common sense is critical
for spraying dicamba and 2,4-D. Both of
these products are volatile and prone to move from the treated areas as
vapors. Spraying postemergence
herbicides in early planted corn or burndowns in no-till fields that have not
been treated yet may require additional consideration because of the
temperature. Furthermore, many of the
vegetables and fruits have been planted and they are often very sensitive to
these herbicides. It is not recommended
to spray dicamba or 2,4-D when the temperature is expected to be 85°F or hotter;
or spray late in the day when temperatures drop below 85°F. A number
of pre-mixes have dicamba (active ingredient in Banvel and Clarity) including,
Distinct, Celebrity Plus, Marksman,
Spray Drift Retartdants
Not as Effective as They Appear
- Mark VanGessel, Extension Weed Specialist; mjv@udel.edu
We conducted a two-year
study funded by the Delaware Soybean Board to evaluate the effectiveness of
drift retardants (or drift control agents).
We planted soybeans and grain sorghum in adjacent plots and sprayed the
soybeans with Roundup Ultra. We used an
air-blast sprayer to generate a 12 to 15 mph wind blowing towards the sorghum
and evaluated the sorghum for injury. From our conclusions, the use of drift
retardants cannot be justified for reducing spray drift under windy
conditions. Particle drift, as measured
by water sensitive papers and the resulting injury to grain sorghum planted
adjacent to the sprayed area, was not lower with the addition of three
different spray retardants when applied in 15 mph wind. Spray retardants did not reduce weed control
with Roundup Ultra. The additional costs
to prevent spray drift under these conditions with the three drift retardants
could not be justified.
Conventional Soybean
Herbicides - Mark
VanGessel, Extension Weed Specialist; mjv@udel.edu
I have had a number of
questions about herbicides for non-Roundup Ready soybeans. There is interest in growing conventional
varieties for a number of reasons. Most
sound herbicide programs will require a broadleaf plus a grass herbicide at
planting. The Delaware/New Jersey
Soybean Weed Management Guide available free at the county offices or online at
http://www.rec.udel.edu/weed_sci/WeedPublicat.htm will provide useful information for selecting
herbicide programs for the specific weed problems you need to handle. As always, there is not one program available
that will fit all situations. Be sure to
consider all factors, including effectiveness, application timing, and
rotational restrictions. Contact your
county agent if you want to review your options. I believe that with 3 to 4 years of excellent
weed control due to Roundup Ready soybeans and good control in rotational
crops, the soil seedbank has been drastically reduced and helped make some of
the non-Roundup Ready soybean weed programs look excellent. Timing of herbicide application in
non-Roundup Ready soybeans is more critical for effective weed control than
with glyphosate. In addition, it
provides a chance to use herbicides with different modes of actions to help
prevent herbicide-resistant weeds and weed species shifts.
Height Restrictions for
Postemergence Corn Herbicides
- Mark VanGessel, Extension Weed Specialist; mjv@udel.edu
Now that some of the corn fields are in need of a
postemergence sprays, I am republishing
the height restrictions for postemergence herbicides. These height restrictions are due to
potential crop injury.
Broadcast applications refer to an over the top
application and directed refers to use of special spray equipment to direct the
spray and avoiding the spray coming in contact with the whorl of the corn. When corn height and collar number are given,
base decision on whichever feature is first attained.
|
Herbicides |
Maximum
corn size
|
|
Accent |
broadcast: 6 collars or 20 in. directed: 10 collars or
36 in. |
|
Aim |
broadcast:
up to 8 collars directed: when
necessary |
|
Atrazine |
12 inches tall |
|
Banvel Clarity |
more
than ½ pt/A: broadcast: 5 lvs or 8 in. directed: 36 inches tall ½ pt/A or less: 36 inches tall |
|
Basagran |
No restrictions listed |
|
Beacon |
broadcast:
min- 4 inches tall max- 20 in. tall or 6 collar directed: pre-tassel |
|
Buctril |
pre-tassel |
|
Callisto |
30 inches tall or 8
collars |
|
2,4-D Amine |
broadcast:
8 inches tall directed: pre-tassel |
|
2,4-D Ester |
broadcast:
8 inches tall directed: pre-tassel |
|
Evik |
directed only: 12
inches tall do not apply 3 weeks before tasseling |
|
Harmony GT |
1
- 4 collars or 12 inches tall |
|
|
broadcast:
24 inches tall or 7 collars directed: 20 to 36
inches tall |
|
Option |
broadcast:
16” tall or V5 directed:
16-36” tall |
|
Permit |
broadcast:
48 inches tall directed: when
necessary |
|
Resource |
broadcast:
2- to 10-lf collars directed: when
necessary; when corn leaves interfere w/ spray |
|
Roundup products |
up to 30 inches or 8
collars |
|
Stinger |
24 inches tall |
|
Touchdown |
up to 8 collars |
|
Premixes |
|
|
Basis |
2 collars or 6 inches
tall |
|
Basis Gold |
5 collars or 12 inches
tall |
|
Celebrity Plus |
broadcast: 4 to 24
inches tall |
|
Distinct |
6
oz rate: 4 to 10 inches tall 4
oz rate: up to 24 in. tall directed: 4 oz up to 36 inches tall |
|
Equip |
broadcast:
12 inches or 4 collars directed:
12 to 36 inches or 4 to 8 collars |
|
Exceed |
broadcast:
min- 4 in. tall max- 20 in. tall or 6 collar directed: 20 to 30
inches tall |
|
Field Master |
do not apply to emerged
corn |
|
Hornet WDG |
broadcast:
6 collars directed: 20 to 36
inches tall |
|
Laddok |
12 inches tall |
|
|
12 inches tall |
|
Lightning |
broadcast:
12 inches tall directed: 20 inches
tall |
|
Marksman |
broadcast: 5-lf stage or 8 inches tall |
|
Northstar |
broadcast:
min- 4 inches tall max- 20 in. tall or 6 collar directed:
20 to 30 inches tall |
|
Ready Master ATZ |
emergence
until 12 inches tall |
|
Shotgun |
broadcast:
8 inches tall directed:
12 inches tall or if rate >2 pts |
|
Spirit |
broadcast:
20 inches tall or 6 collars (min. 4 in. tall) directed: 20 to 24 inches
tall (before tassel emerg.) |
|
Steadfast |
less than 20 inches or 6
collars |
|
Steadfast |
Up to 12 inches or 6 collars |
|
|
spike through 36 inches tall |
Correction – Weed
Seedling Emergence Web-site
- Mark VanGessel, Extension Weed Specialist; mjv@udel.edu
I wrote an article two weeks ago about a model for
weed seedling emergence and listed a website where the model could be found.
That website was incorrect. The
website for the predictive maps for weed emergence is at: http://psu.zedxinc.com/cgi-bin/site.cgi?location=2&user=psu#. Sorry about any inconvenience.
Agronomic Crops Twilight
Session
When:
Where: UD Cooperative Extension
Research and Demonstration Area (3/4-mile
east of Armstrong Corner, on Marl Pit Rd. – Rd 429, Middletown)
Time:
Join
your fellow producers and the UD Extension team for an interactive and hands-on
experience as we discuss demonstration trials and address in-season
production issues in small grains, corn, and soybeans. We will focus on:
We
will apply for DE Pesticide re-certification credit.
This
meeting is free and everyone interested in attending is welcome. To
register, for more information or special consideration in accessing this
meeting, please call our office in advance, at (302) 831-2667.
See you there!
Carl
P. Davis, Extension Agent, Agriculture
Week of May 20
to
|
|
Rainfall: |
|
0.65
inches: May 25 0.05
inches: May 26 |
|
|
|
Air Temperature: |
|
Highs
Ranged from 92°F on May 23 to 69°F on May 20. |
|
Lows
Ranged from 72°F on May 24 to 61°F on May 20 & 21. |
|
Soil
Temperature: |
|
78°F
average. |
|
(Soil
temperature taken at a 2 inch depth, under sod) |
Web
Address for the U of D Research & Education Center: http://www.rec.udel.edu
Compiled and
Edited By:
Tracy Wootten
Cooperative Extension Education in Agriculture and Home
Economics, University of Delaware, Delaware State University and the United
States Department of Agriculture cooperating.
Distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and